General
Peonies are classic, long-lived perennials grown for their large, often fragrant flowers in late spring to early summer. Flower forms range from simple singles to densely double blooms in white, pink, red, and yellow. Most garden peonies are herbaceous, dying back each winter, though tree peonies also exist. Once established, peonies are extremely durable and can bloom reliably for decades with minimal care.
Light
Full sun to partial sun; best flowering with at least 6 hours of sun.
Soil type
Deep, fertile, well-drained loam; dislikes waterlogged soils.
Water requirement
Medium; regular watering during establishment, moderate thereafter.
Nutrient requirement
Medium; prefers steady but not excessive nutrition.
Precultivation
Peonies are rarely grown from seed in gardens, as seedlings take many years to flower and do not come true to type. Most plants are propagated by division of mature roots.
Planting
Plant peonies in early autumn in a sunny, open location. Dig a generous hole and improve soil with compost, but avoid placing fresh fertilizer directly under the roots. Position the buds no deeper than 3–5 cm below the soil surface. Water well after planting but avoid waterlogging.
Pruning
Herbaceous peonies should be cut back to ground level after frost in autumn. Tree peonies are pruned minimally, removing only dead or damaged wood in spring.
Maintenance
Peonies need little maintenance once established. Mulch lightly in spring, keeping mulch away from the crown. Water during prolonged drought. Avoid moving or dividing plants unnecessarily, as this sets back flowering.
Harvest
For cut flowers, harvest buds when they are fully colored and just beginning to soften. Remove lower leaves and place stems in clean water. Flowers open best when cut at the correct stage.
Common issues
Botrytis (gray mold) can affect shoots and buds in cool, wet springs; improve air circulation and remove affected parts. Poor flowering is often caused by deep planting, insufficient sun, or recent division.
Pollination
Insect-pollinated; ants are attracted to nectar but do not harm the plant.
Companion plants
Alliums, irises, catmint, roses, ornamental grasses.
Incompatible plants
Plants requiring frequent disturbance or very shallow-root competition.
